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1000 BC Latins come to Italy from the Danube
region.
218 BC Hannibal crosses the Alps
and invades Italy.
82 Dio Chrysostom
is banished from Rome
, Italy, and Bithynia
after advising one of the Emperor's conspiring relatives.
100 Trajan
creates a policy intended to restore the former economic supremacy of Italy.
193 Before entering Rome, Severus avenges the death of Pertinax by disarming and sacking the Praetorian guard. Prior to this, the Praetorian guard was staffed with recruits from Italy, from now on it will be staffed by members drawn from the provincial legions
.
273 Administrative reorganization of Italy. Aurelian adopts as permanent the reforms instituted by Caracalla
.
307 Galerius
unsuccessfully invades Italy and names Licinius
as Augustus.
400 First invasion of Italy by Alaric
(probable date).
401 The Visigoths begin to attack the northernmost reaches of Italy, causing destruction in the countryside.
403 Alaric I
leaves Italy after his first unsuccessful invasion.
413 Honorius
signs an edict providing tax relief for the provinces of Italy that have been plundered by the Visigoths.
425 Aëtius
leads an army into Italy to support the self-proclaimed emperor Joannes
.
451 In Italy, refugees flee to swamp areas near modern-day Venice
.
452 Attila
, king of the Huns
, invades Italy
480 Odoacer
defeats an attempt by Julius Nepos
to recapture Italy, and has Julius killed.
488 Theodoric the Great
invades Italy.
489 Theodoric
, king of the Ostrogoths, continues his invasion of Italy with the approval of Byzantine emperor Zeno
.
489 Theodoric defeats Odoacer
at the Battle of Isonzo, forcing his way into Italy.
529 Saint Benedict of Nursia
founds the monastery of Monte Cassino
in Italy.
535 Justinian I
orders Belisarius
to start the reconquest of Italy; Mundus
simultaneously invades Dalmatia
.
536 Belisarius
, a general in the service of Justinian I
, lands in Italy
542 Ostrogoth
king Totila
reconquers Naples
, Benevento
, and other parts of Italy.
544 Belisarius
is sent back to Italy to once more fight the Ostrogoth
s who have been making reconquests in the area.
548 Belisarius
is relieved of command over the Byzantine forces in Italy and replaced by Narses
.
591 Locust
swarm
destroys harvest in Italy.
595 Lombards
sack Terracina in Italy.
610 The Avars
try to invade Italy.
612 Saint Columbanus
moves to Italy to establish the monastery of Bobbio (approximate date).
663 Byzantine
emperor Constans II
invades south Italy
754 Pepin the Short sends his armies into Italy to aid the pope against the Lombards
.
866 Louis II
beats the Saracen
invaders in Italy.
889 In Italy, Forlì
became a republic for the first time.
896 The Eastern Franks
invade and conquer Italy under the leadership of Arnulf of Carinthia
.
898 Bologna
joins Italian
Kingdom
927 On 15 August, the ancient city of Taranto
, in southern Italy, is destroyed by the Saracens
978 Badìa Fiorentina, an abbey in Florence
, Italy, is founded by Willa, Margravine of Tuscany.
1000 Fonderia Pontificia Marinelli bell foundry founded in Italy.
1020 Third Italian
campaign of Henry II of Germany
1042 The Normans
in Italy move their capital to Melfi.
1056 Anselm of Canterbury
leaves Italy.
1070 Lanfranc, an Italian
lawyer
, becomes William's
formidable Archbishop of Canterbury
.
1077 Foundation of the independent state of Friuli in modern Italy.
1081 Corfu
taken from Byzantine Empire
by Robert Guiscard
, Norman
King of Southern Italy
1108 In Pistoia
, Italy, Cathedral of San Zeno burned to the ground.
1110 Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor
invades Italy
1174 Fire destroys most of Padua
, in Italy
1237 Gualdo Tadino, Italy, is destroyed by fire.
1251 King Conrad IV of Germany
invades Italy, but fails to subdue the supporters of Pope Innocent IV
.
1252 The first European gold coins are minted in the Italian
city of Florence
, and are known as florins.
1253 A series of naval wars begins between the Italian
city-states of Genoa
and Venice
, which will continue sporadically until 1371.
1253 The Basilica of San Francesco, the earliest important structure in the Italian
Gothic
style of architecture, is completed in Assisi, Italy.
1258 Civil unrest in northern Italy spawns the medieval musical form of Geisslerlieder, penitential songs sung by wandering bands of Flagellants.
1271 Pope Gregory X
is elected pope by compromise between French
and Italian
cardinals, ending a three-year conclave, the longest ever.
1282 The technology of watermarks is introduced by paper
manufacturers of Bologna
, Italy.
1284 The Italian
city-state of Genoa
defeats its rival Pisa
in the naval Battle of Meloria, ending Pisa's marine power and hastening the city's decline in power.
1287 The Altar of St. James at the Cathedral of San Zeno in Pistoia
, Italy — a masterwork of the silversmithing trade containing nearly a ton of silver
— is begun; it will not be completed for nearly 200 years.
1289 The Italian
Guelph and Ghibelline factions fight in the battle of Campaldino; the Guelph victory secures their position of power in Florence
.
1295 Marco Polo
returns to Italy from his travels to China
.
1300 Money from Florence
, Italy becomes the first International Currency.
1361 Founding of the University of Pavia, Italy.
1387 In Italy, Battle of Castagnaro, between Giovanni Ordelaffi, for Verona
, and John Hawkwood
, for Padua
, who was the winner.
1426 ''"Castello Orsini-Odescalchi"'' built in Bracciano, Italy by the Orsini family.
1438 In Italy, the siege of Brescia
by the condottieri troops of Niccolò Piccinino was raised after the arrival of Scaramuccia da Forlì.
1444 Iguvine Tables discovered at Gubbio, Italy
1446 In Italy, the siege of Cremona by the condottieri troops of Francesco Piccinino and Luigi dal Verme was raised after the arrival of Scaramuccia da Forlì.
1492 Christopher Columbus
's expedition makes landfall in the Caribbean
. The Italian
explorer believes he has reached East Asia.
1519 Mannerism, artistic form appears in Italy and spreads.
1528 Battle of Landriano - A French army in Italy under Marshal St. Pol is decisively defeated.
1529 Emperor Charles V
and Francis I of France
sign the Treaty of Cambrai, or the "Ladies' Peace". Francis abandons his claims in Italy, but is allowed to retain Burgundy
.
1544 Italian
botanist Luca Ghini
publishes the first herbarium
1552 In Italy, Bartolomeo Eustachi makes important discoveries on the structure of the ear and heart
.
1553 Battle of Marciano: French
forces invading Italy under Marshal Blaise de Monluc are defeated by an imperial army under the Marquis of Marignano and are forced to retreat into Siena
, which is besieged by the imperial forces.
1582 October 4 of Julian calendar
(Thursday) - Italy, Poland
, Portugal
, and Spain
make the next day Friday, October 15 of the Gregorian Calendar
, skipping over 10 days. Other countries follow at various later dates.
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