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537 BC Jews transported to Babylon
are allowed to return to Jerusalem
, bringing to a close the Babylonian captivity; They had been exiled 70 years before hand, according to the prophecy of the Biblical Prophet Jeremiah (Jeremiah 25: 8-12)
38 Apion heads a deputation to Caligula
to complain about the Jews in Alexandria
.
72 First Jewish-Roman War
- The Roman
s lay siege to Masada
, a desert fortress held by Jewish victims of the Sicarii.
115 Jews in Egypt
and Cyrene ignite a revolt against the rule of the Roman Empire, which spreads to Cyprus
, Judea
, and the Roman province of Mesopotamia.
200 Jewish Eretz Yisraeli scholar Judah ha-Nasi compiles tracts of the Mishnah, beginning the creation of Talmud
ic law.
386 John Chrysostom
becomes a presbyter; he also writes eight homilies ''"adversus iudaeos"'', "against the Jews".
415 The Jews are expelled from Alexandria
.
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429 Theodosius II orders all funds raised by Jews to support schools be turned over to his treasury.
451 Sassanid ruler Yazdegerd II's decree abolishes the Sabbath
and orders executions of Jewish leaders, including the Exilarch Mar Nuna.
570 The Jews of Clermont-Ferrand are forced to convert to Christianity
.
1012 Fatimid
Caliph
al-Hakim
orders the destruction of all Jewish and Christian
places of worship.
1013 The Jews are expelled from the caliphate of Cordoba.
1073 Rabbi
Yitchaki Alfassi finishes writing the ''Rif'', an important work of Jewish law.
1179 Third Council of the Lateran condemned Waldensians and Cathars as heretics
, institutes a reformation of clerical life, and creates the first "ghettos" for Jews.
1182 Jews expelled from Paris
by Philip II of France
.
1190 Anti-Jewish riots in England.
1190 Massacre and mass-suicide of the Jews of York, England
prompted by Crusaders and Richard Malebys kill 150-500 Jews in Clifford's Tower
1249 Alphonse of Toulouse
orders the expulsion of Jews from Poitou, France
.
1253 The Domus Conversorum, a building and institution in London
for Jews who had converted to Christianity
, is established by King Henry III of England
.
1254 King Louis IX of France expels all Jews from Fran
1255 The death of Little Saint Hugh of Lincoln
prompts persecution of Jews in England
on accusations of blood libel.
1264 King Boleslaus V of Poland promulgates legal protection for his Jewish subjects, including protection from the kidnapping and forcible baptism
of Jewish children.
1264 Gilbert de Clare, 7th Earl of Hertford
leads a massacre of the Jews at Canterbury.
1267 The leadership of Vienna
forces Jews to wear ''Pileum cornutum'',a cone-shaped head dress, in addition to the yellow badge
s Jews were already forced to wear.
1269 King Louis IX of France
orders all Jews found in public without an identifying yellow badge
to be fined ten livres of silver
.
1274 One of Edward's first acts is to enforce a decree requiring all English
Jews to wear yellow badge
s.
1278 An edict by Pope Nicholas III requires all Jews to attend conversion sermons.
1282 The Archbishop of Canterbury
orders all synagogue
s of London
to close, and forbits Jewish doctors from practicing on non-Jews.
1283 King Philip III of France
causes a mass migration of Jews when he outlaws their residence in the small villages and rural localities of France
.
1286 King Rudolph I of Germany
declares all Jews to be "serfs of the Treasury", thus negating all their political freedoms.
1287 King Edward I of England
arrests the heads of Jewish households, and demands their communities pay hefty ransoms for their release.
1289 Jews are expelled from Gascony
and Anjou
in France
.
1290 King Edward I of England
banishes all Jews (numbering about 16,000) from England
; Jews traditionally hold that this event occurs on Tisha B'Av, a sorrowful Jewish holiday.
1306 Philip IV of France
exiles all the Jews from France and confiscates their property
1315 Emir Ismael Abu-I-Walid orders the Jews of Granada, Spain to don the yellow badge
1349 On Valentine's Day, 2,000 Jews are burned to death in Strasbourg
.
1394 Expulsion of the Jews from France
.
1394 King Charles VI of France
orders all Jews expelled from France
.
1412 John II of Castile
, declared Valladolid laws that restricted the social rights of Jews. Among many other resrictions the laws forced Jews to wear distinctive clothes and denied from them any administrative positions.
1492 Ferdinand
and Isabella
sign the Alhambra decree expelling all Jews from Spain
unless they convert to Roman Catholicism.
1492 The Jews are expelled from Spain
.
1497 King Manuel I of Portugal
proclaims an edict
in which he demands that Jews convert to Christianity
or leave the country
1639 Francisco Maldonado de Silva, Peru
vian Jewish poet, executed by burning at the stake.
1650 Jews allowed to return to France
and England
.
1654 Twenty-three Jewish refugees from Brazil
settle in New Amsterdam
, forming the nucleus of what would be the largest urban Jewish community in history, the Jewish community of New York City
.
1656 Jews are readmitted to England
by Oliver Cromwell
.
1657 Jews of New Amsterdam
(later New York City
) granted freedom of religion
.
1691 Spanish inquisition
condemns and forcibly baptizes 219 Jews in Palma Majorca. When 37 try to escape the island, they are burned alive at the stake
1740 By the act of English parliament, alien immigrants (including Huguenots and Jews) in the colonies receive British nationality
1765 In Lisbon
, the ''auto-da-fe'' parade (often an excuse for violence against Jews or Christian
'heretics'
) is abolished
1809 The Swiss
canton of Aargau
denies Jews citizenship.
1830 Greece
grants citizenship to Jews.
1843 In New York City
, Henry Jones and 11 others found B'nai B'rith (the oldest Jewish service organization in the world).
1858 Police of the Papal States
seize Jewish boy Edgardo Mortara and take him away to be raised as a Catholi
1915 Jewish American Leo Frank is lynched
for the alleged murder of a 13-year-old girl in Atlanta, Georgia
.
1916 Louis D. Brandeis becomes the first Jew appointed to the Supreme Court of the United States
.
1917 Zionism
: The Balfour Declaration proclaims British support for Jewish settlement in Palestine.
1919 December 5 — Turkish
ministry of war releases Greeks
, Armenian
s and Jews from military service
1924 The Aleph Zadik Aleph, the oldest Jewish youth fraternity, founded.
1930 British White Paper demands restrictions on Jewish immigration into Palestine
1938 Holocaust: Kristallnacht begins - In Germany
, the "night of broken glass" begins as Nazi
troops and sympathizers loot and burn Jewish businesses (the all night affair saw 7,500 Jewish businesses destroyed, 267 synagogue
s burned, 91 Jews killed, and at least 25,000 Jewish men arrested).
1939 Holocaust: The SS ''St. Louis'', a ship carrying a cargo of 963 Jewish refugees, is denied permission to land in Florida
after already having been turned away from Cuba
. Forced to return to Europe
, most of its passengers later die in Nazi
concentration camps.
1939 Holocaust: The last remaining Jewish enterprises in Germany
are closed.
1941 Holocaust: The requirement to wear the Star of David with the word "Jew" inscribed, is extended to all Jews over the age of 6 in German
-occupied areas.
1942 World War II
: Nazis
at the Wannsee conference in Berlin
decide that the "final solution to the Jewish problem" is relocation, and later extermination.
1942 Holocaust: On order from the Vichy France
government headed by Pierre Laval
, French police
officers round-up 13,000-20,000 Jews and imprison them in the Winter Velodrome.
1942 Holocaust: The systematic deportation of Jews from the Warsaw Ghetto
begins.
1942 Polish-Jewish teacher Janusz Korczak follows a group of Jewish children into Treblinka death camp
1942 Holocaust: In the United Kingdom
, leading clergymen and political figures hold a public meeting to register outrage over Nazi Germany
's persecution of Jews.
.]]
1943 The Jews in the Warsaw Ghetto
rise up for the first time, starting the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising.
1943 Porajmos: German
SS leader Heinrich Himmler
orders that Gypsies
and "part-Gypsies" were to be put "on the same level as Jews and placed in concentration camps."
1944 Holocaust: A tip from a Dutch
informer leads the Gestapo
to a sealed-off area in an Amsterdam
warehouse where they find Jewish diarist Anne Frank
and her family.
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Timeline
