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1250 Louis IX of France
is captured by Baibars
' Mamluk army at the Battle of Fariskur while he is in Egypt
conducting the Seventh Crusade
; he later has to ransom himself.
1260 Saif ad-Din Qutuz, Mamluk sultan of Egypt
, is assassinated by Baibars
, who seizes power for himself.
1265 The Mamluk Bahri dynasty
of Egypt
captures several cities and towns from Crusader states in the Middle East
, including the cities of Haifa
, Arsuf
, and Caesarea Palaestina
; these events eventually precipitate the Eighth Crusade in 1267.
1266 The Mamluk sultan Baibars
expands his domain, capturing the city of Byblos (in present-day Lebanon
) and the important castle of Toron from crusader states, and defeating the Armenia
ns at Cilicia
.
1268 The Principality of Antioch
, a crusader state
, falls to the Mamluk Sultan Baibars
in the Battle of Antioch; Baibars' destruction of the city of Antioch
was so great as to permanently negate the city's importan
1270 The ancient city of Ashkelon
is captured from the crusader states
and utterly destroyed by the Mamluk sultan Baibars
, who goes so far as to fill in its important harbor, leaving the site desolate and the city never to be rebuilt.
1270 King Louis IX of France
launches the Eighth Crusade in an attempt to recapture the crusader states
from the Mamluk sultan Baibars
; the opening engagement is a siege of Tunis
.
1271 Mamluk sultan Baibars
conducts an unsuccessful siege of the city of Tripoli
, and also fails in an attempted naval invasion of Cyprus
.
1271 Mamluk sultan Baibars
continues his territorial expansion, capturing the strategically important castle Krak des Chevaliers from the Knights Hospitaller
in present-day Syria
.
1272 Mamluk sultan Baibars
of Egypt
invades the weakening kingdom of Makuria
to the south.
1276 Mamluk sultan Baibars
conquers Al-Maris, previously part of Makuria
, and annexes it into Egypt
.
1277 Mamluk sultan Baibars
invades Anatolia
and captures the emirates which once composed the Sultanate of Rüm.
1279 Mamluk sultan Baraka Khan and emir Qalawun
of Egypt
invade Armenia
; a revolt in Egypt while they are away forces Baraka to abdicate and allows Qalawun to become sultan.
1280 Syria
attempts to secede from the Mamluk sultanate of Egypt
, but Qalawun
defeats the rebels and keeps Syria within the Egyptian sultanate.
1281 Mamluk sultan Qalawun
defeats an invasion of Syria
by Mongol
Ilkhan
Abaqa Khan
at the 2nd Battle of Homs.
1284 Mamluk sultan of Egypt
Qalawun
signs a ten-year truce with the Crusader city of Acre; he will violate the truce on pretexts in 1290.
1285 Mamluk sultan Qalawun
begins a siege of the Crusader fortress of Margat (in present-day Syria
), a major stronghold of the Knights Hospitaller
thought to be impregnable; he captures the fortress a month later.
1287 Mamluk sultan Qalawun
captures the port city of Latakia
in present-day Syria
.
1287 Mongol
Ilhan
Arghun Khan
dispatches Rabban Bar Sauma to the leaders of Europe
to negotiate an alliance against Muslim
states, specifically the Mamluk sultanate of Egypt
.
1289 Mamluk sultan Qalawun
captures the County of Tripoli
(in present-day Lebanon
) after a month-long siege, thus extinguishing the crusader state.
1291 Mamluk Sultan
of Egypt
Khalil
captures Acre, thus exterminating the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem
— the final Christian
landholding remaining from the Crusades — and ending the Ninth Crusade
and effectively all Crusades by eliminating the possibility of further attacks on the Holy Land
(see Siege of Acre (1291)).
1292 Mamluk Sultan of Egypt
Khalil
invades the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
.
1293 Mamluk sultan of Egypt
Khalil
is assassinated by his regent Baydara, who briefly claims the sultanate before being assassinated himself by a rival political faction.
1315 Estimation: Cairo
, capital of Mamluk Egypt
becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead from Hangzhou
in Mongolian
China
.
1348 Estimation: Hangzhou
in Mongolian
China
becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead from Cairo
, capital of Mamluk Egypt
.
1377 Mamluk sultan Sha'ban II is succeeded by 'Ali II.
1517 Battle of Ridanieh: The Turkish
forces of Selim I
defeat the main Mamluk army in Egypt
under Touman Bey.
1517 Capture of Cairo
by the Ottoman Empire
; fall of Mamluk Sultanate.
1799 At Aboukir in Egypt
, Napoleon I of France
defeats 10,000 Ottoman
Mamluk troops under Mustafa Pasha.
1811 Egypt
ian ruler Mohammed Ali kills the last Mamluk leaders in the Citadel Massacre.
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Timeline
