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1206 Temujin is proclaimed Genghis Khan
of the Mongol
people, founding the Mongol Empire
1223 Battle of the Kalka River between the Mongol
armies of Genghis Khan
and East Slavic warriors.
1246 Güyük Khan is enthroned as the 3rd Great Khan of the Mongol Empire.
1250 A kuriltai is called by Batu Khan
in Siberia
as part of maneuverings to eventually elect Möngke Khan
as khan
of the Mongol empire in 1251.
1251 Möngke Khan
is elected as the fourth great Khan of the Mongol Empire.
1253 Halych-Volynia becomes a vassal state to the expanding Mongol Empire.
1253 The Mongol Empire launches attacks on the Muslim
cities of Baghdad
and Cairo
.
1256 Hulagu Khan establishes the Ilkhanate
dynasty of Persia
, which will become one of four main divisions of the Mongol Empire.
1259 Nogai Khan
leads the second Mongol
Golden Horde
attack against Poland
.
1259 The Goryeo
kingdom in Korea
surrenders to invading Mongol
forces.
1260 Kublai Khan
becomes ruler of the Mongol Empire.
1264 Kublai Khan
, supreme leader of the Mongol Empire, moves the empire's capital from Karakorum in Mongolia
to the Chinese
city of Khanbaliq
(now Beijing
).
1266 Niccolo and Maffeo Polo
, brother and uncle of Marco Polo
reach Kublai Khan
's capital Khanbaliq
(now Beijing
) in China
, setting the stage for Marco's famous expedition starting five years later. Kublai Khan sends the Polos back with a message requesting the pope
dispatch western scholars to teach in the Mongol Empire; however, this request is largely ignored.
1267 The "Grand Capital" is constructed in Khanbaliq
(present-day Beijing
by Kublai Khan
, having moved the capital of the Mongol Empire there three years prior.
1268 The Battle of Xiangyang, a six-year battle between the Chinese
Song Dynasty
and the Mongol
forces of Kublai Khan
, begins in what is today Hubei.
1268 Kublai Khan
sends an emissary to the Kamakura Shogunate
of Japan
demanding an acknowledgment of souzerainty and payment of tribute; the Japanese refuse, starting a diplomatic back-and-forth lasting until the Mongols
attempt to invade in 1274.
1270 In Korea
, the Sambyeolcho Rebellion begins against the Goryeo Dynasty, a puppet government
of the Mongol Empire.
1270 The city of Tabriz
, in present-day Iran
, is made capital of the Mongol
Ilkhanate
empire (approximate date).
1273 In Korea
, the Sambyeolcho Rebellion against the Goryeo Dynasty (a puppet government
of the Mongol Empire) ends as rebel forces are defeated by combined Mongol and Goryeo forces.
1274 The Mongol Empire attempts the first of several invasions of Japan
; after the Mongols capture outlying islands, they are repulsed on the main island at the Battle of Bun'ei by amassed Japanese warriors and a strong storm which batters their forces and fleet. Credit for the storm — called a ''kamikaze'', or divine wind — is given by the Japanese to the god Raiden.
1275 Invading Mongol
forces capture the Chinese
city of Suzhou
.
1275 Marco Polo
purportedly visits Xanadu, Kublai Khan
's summer capital of the Mongol Empire.
1275 The city of Kunming is made capital of the Yunnan
province of the Mongol
Yuan Dynasty
.
1276 The court of the Southern Song Dynasty of China
and hundreds of thousands of its citizens flee from Hangzhou
to Fujian and then Guangdong in an effort to escape an invasion by the Mongol Empire.
1277 Some 50,000 leaders and citizens of the Southern Song Dynasty of China
become the first recorded inhabitants of Macau
, as they seek refuge from the invading Mongol Empire. They also stayed for a short period in Kowloon. Some hundred years later the place where they stayed became Sung Wong Toi.
1277 In Japan
, a 20 kilometer stone wall defending the coast of Hakata Bay in Fukuoka is completed; it is built in response to the attempted invasion by the Mongol Empire in 1274.
1279 A Mongol
diplomatic party sent by Kublai Khan
to Japan
is killed by Japan's regent Hojo Tokimune
, leading to a second invasion attempt by the Mongols in 1281.
1281 The second Mongol
invasion of Japan is foiled at the Battle of Koan (or Battle of Hakata Bay) as a large typhoon — famously called a ''kamikaze'', or divine wind — destroys much of the combined Chinese
and Korea
n fleet and forces, numbering over 140,000 men and 4,000 ships.
1281 Mamluk
sultan Qalawun
defeats an invasion of Syria
by Mongol
Ilkhan
Abaqa Khan
at the 2nd Battle of Homs.
1283 Kublai Khan
's Mongol Empire invades the Khmer empire
of present-day Cambodia
; King Jayavarman VIII decides to pay tribute rather than fight the invasion, buying peace and preserving the empire.
1285 Tran Hung Dao leads Vietnam
ese forces in victory over an invading Yuan dynasty
Mongol
army.
1286 In Laos
, King Panya Leng is overthrown in a coup d'etat
led by his son Panya Khamphong, which is likely to have been supported by the regionally dominant Mongol Empire (Yuan dynasty
of China
).
1286 Kublai Khan
plots a final Mongol
invasion of Japan
, but aborts the plan due to a lack of necessary resources.
1287 Mongol
Ilhan
Arghun Khan
dispatches Rabban Bar Sauma to the leaders of Europe
to negotiate an alliance against Muslim
states, specifically the Mamluk
sultanate of Egypt
.
1287 The Theravada
Buddhist
kingdom at Pagan, Myanmar falls to the invading Mongol Empire in the Battle of Pagan.
1288 Vietnam
ese general Tran Hung Dao sinks the entire fleet of an invading Yuan dynasty
Mongol
army by placing steel-tipped bamboo stakes in the Bach Dang River, near Halong Bay.
1290 The Mongol Empire invades the Bessarabia
region of Moldavia
.
1293 The Hindu Majapahit Empire
of the Malay archipelago is founded by Kertarajasa, who exploits internal conflict and Mongol
intervention to defeat the Singhasari kingdom and establish the empire.
1294 The death of Kublai Khan
allows the four khanates of the Mongol Empire (the Chagatai Khanate, the Golden Horde
, the Ilkhanate
, and the Yuan Dynasty
of China
) to formally become independent; they each had already been moving toward independence during Kublai's reign.
1315 Estimation: Cairo
, capital of Mamluk
Egypt
becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead from Hangzhou
in Mongolian
China
.
1348 Estimation: Hangzhou
in Mongolian
China
becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead from Cairo
, capital of Mamluk
Egypt | 
Timeline
