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1281 Osman I
, founder of the Ottoman Empire, becomes ''bey'' of the Sögüt tribe in central Anatolia
; in 1299 he will declare independence from the Seljuk Turks, marking the birth of the Ottoman Empire.
1299 Osman I
declares the independence of the Ottoman Principality
1299 Died
1326 Change of emperor of the Ottoman Empire from Osman I
(1299-1326) to Orhan I (1326-1359)
1338 Nicomedia
is captured by the Ottoman Empire.
1351 The Turks
cross the Dardanelles
into Europe for the first time.
1354 The Turks
capture the cities of Kallipolis
and Didymoteicho from the Byzantine Empire
.
1359 Change of emperor of the Ottoman Empire from Orhan I (1326-1359) to Murad I
(1359-1389)
1363 Byzantine Empire
wins naval battle over the Ottoman Empire near Megara, Greece
.
1365 Adrianopole (now Edirne
) becomes the capital city of the Ottoman Empire.
1369 The Turks
invade Bulgaria
.
1389 Change of emperor of the Ottoman Empire from Murad I
(1359-1389) to Beyazid I (1389-1402)
1393 Ottoman
Turks
occupy Veliko Tarnovo (Turnovgrad) in north-central Bulgaria
.
1421 Mehmed I
, Sultan
of the Ottoman Empire dies and is succeeded by his son Murad II
.
1430 The Ottoman Empire captures Thessalonica
from the Venetians
1440 Murad II
lays siege to Belgrade
. The city is heavily damaged, but the defenders' use of artillery
prevents the Turks
from capturing the city.
1443 Albanians
, under Skanderbeg, defeat the Turks
1443 John Hunyadi
defeats Turks
at the Battle of Nis
1444 Murad II
, Sultan
of the Ottoman Empire abdicates in favor of his son Mehmed II
following his defeat in the Battle of Jalowaz.
1446 Mehmed II
Sultan
of the Ottoman Empire is forced to abdicate in favor of his father Murad II
by the Janissaries
.
1446 Murad II
, sultan of the Ottoman Empire, destroys the Hexamillion wall in an assault that includes cannons. This renders the Morea open to Ottoman invasion.
1451 Murad II
, Sultan
of the Ottoman Empire dies and is succeeded by his son Mehmed II
.
1453 Fall of Constantinople
to Ottoman
Sultan
Mehmed II
the Conqueror, marking the end of the Byzantine Empire
(Eastern Roman Empire).
1461 The Empire of Trebizond
, the last major Romano-Greek outpost falls to the Ottoman Empire under Mehmed II
after a siege of 21 days.
1473 Ottoman
sultan Mehmed II
defeats the White Sheep Turkmens lead by Uzun Hasan at Otlukbeli
1475 January 10—Stephen III of Moldavia defeats the Ottoman Empire at the Battle of Vaslui.
1476 Vlad III Dracula manages to become reigning Prince of Wallachia
for the third and last time before being assassinated by decapitation. His head is sent to his old enemy Sultan Mehmed II
of the Ottoman Empire.
1481 Mehmed II
, Sultan
of the Ottoman Empire dies and is succeeded by his son Beyazid II.
1492 Sultan Bayazid II of the Ottoman Empire, learning about the expulsion of Jews from Spain
, dispatched the Ottoman Navy to bring the Jews safely to Ottoman lands, mainly to the cities of Selanik (currently in Greece
) and Izmir
(currently in Turkey
).
1500 Second Battle of Lepanto - The Turkish
fleet of Kemal Re'is defeats the Venetians
. The Turks
proceed to capture Modon, Lepanto, and Koron.
1500 Second Battle of Lepanto - The Turkish
fleet of Kemal Re'is defeats the Venetians
. The Turks
proceed to capture Modon, Lepanto, and Koron.
1512 Selim I
succeeds Beyazid II as Sultan of the Ottoman Empire.
1515 Invasion of Persia by Sultan Selim I
of the Ottoman Empire.
1515 Ottoman Empire conquers Kurdistan.
1516 Selim I
of the Ottoman Empire declares war on the Mameluks and invades Syria.
1517 Selim I
, Sultan
of the Ottoman Empire, conquers Palestine and Egypt
and declares himself Caliph
.
1517 Capture of Cairo
by the Ottoman Empire; fall of Mamluk
Sultanate.
1520 Suleiman I succeeds his father Selim I
as Sultan of the Ottoman Empire.
1521 the first document fully written in Romanian: the letter of Neacsu, a trader from Câmpulung, to Johannes Benkner, the mayor of Brasov, warning that the Ottoman Empire was preparing its troops to cross into Wallachia
and Transylvania
; the script used was Romanian Cyrillic.
1521 Capture of Belgrade
by the Ottoman
army of Suleiman I after a brave resistan
1526 Dubrovnik achieves independence, although acknowledges Turkish
overlordship.
1529 The Turkish
army under Suleiman I leaves Constantinople
to once again invade Hungary
.
1529 Recapture of Buda
by the invading Turkish
forces.
1529 Vienna
is besieged by Turkish
forces.
1538 Treaty of Nagyvarad: Peace between King Ferdinand and the Turks
. John Zapolya
is recognized as King of Hungary
, while Ferdinand retains the northern and western parts of the Kingdom, and is recognized as heir to the throne.
1538 The naval battle of Preveza where the out numbered Turkish
fleet of Barbarossa defeated Andrea Doria
.
1543 Turkish
and French
troops under Khair ed-Din Barbarossa occupy Nice
1551 The Ottomans
captured Tripoli
.
1552 In Hungary
, Eger is defended against the Turks
.
1552 In the Persian Gulf
, the Ottoman Empire Red Sea Fleet attacks the Portuguese
stronghold of Hormuz but fails to capture it.
1557 Ozdemir Pasha conquers the Red Sea
port of Massawa
for the Ottoman Empire
1564 Ottoman Turks
invade Malta
1565 The Ottoman
troops landed on the island of Malta
. The Great Siege of Malta began.
1566 Selim II
succeeds Suleiman I as Sultan of the Ottoman Empire
1566 The first bridge crossing the Neretva river at Mostar
(in modern-day Bosnia and Herzegovina
) is completed by the Ottoman Empire. The white marble bridge is now known as ''Stari Most'' (or "Old Bridge").
1571 Conquest of Cyprus
by the Ottoman Empire. First Turkish
colony moves into Cyprus.
1574 Murad III
succeeds Selim II
as Sultan of the Ottoman Empire.
1578 The Ottoman Empire conquers Abkhazia | 
Timeline
