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1218 Born
1254 Pope Innocent IV
excommunicates
Conrad IV of Germany
and Rudolph I of Germany (later elected Holy Roman Emperor
).
1273 Rudolph I of Germany is elected King of Germany over rival candidate King Otakar II of Bohemia, ending the Interregnum; Otakar refuses to acknowledge Rudolph as the new king, leading to the outbreak of war in 1276. Rudolph is the first of many Habsburg
s to hold the throne.
1274 The diet at Nuremberg
orders that all crown estates seized since the death of Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor
be restored to Rudolph I of Germany; almost all European rulers agree, with the notable exception of King Otakar II of Bohemia, who had benefited greatly by conquering or otherwise coming into possession of many of those lands.
1276 King Rudolph I of Germany declares war on King Otakar II of Bohemia, a political rival; by November, Otakar II is forced to cede four important territories as demanded by the diet
of Nuremberg
in 1274.
1278 Kings Rudolph I of Germany and Ladislaus IV of Hungary
defeat King Otakar II of Bohemia in the Battle of Marchfield, a match of over 80,000 men and the largest battle of knight
s in the Middle Ages. The battle ends a power struggle between Rudolph and Otakar over the fate of central Europe
, and Rudolph's Habsburg
family will continue to rule Austria
and other captured territories until the end of World War I
in 1918.
1282 Holy Roman Emperor
Rudolph I of Germany invests his sons Albert I of Germany
and Rudolph II of Austria as co-rulers of the duchies of Austria
and Styria, thus founding the Habsburg
dynasty in those territories.
1286 King Rudolph I of Germany declares all Jew
s to be "serfs of the Treasury", thus negating all their political freedoms.
1291 Died
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Timeline
