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49 BC Caesar advances against Pompeian forces in Spain.
49 BC Caesar arrives in Spain; seizes the Pyrenees
passes against the Pompeians L. Afranius and M. Petreius.
69 Galba, governor
of Spain, names himself ''legatus senatus populique Romani'', breaking the line of Roman emperors begun with Caesar
and Augustus. He was assassinated by the Praetorian Guards in favor of Marcus Salvius Otho.
169 Northern African Moors
invade what is now Spain.
258 Gaul
, Britain
and Spain break off from the Roman Empire
to form the Gallic Empire
259 Postumus revolts against Gallienus
, in Gaul
. The western provinces of Britain
and Spain join his independent realm—which is called in modern times the Gallic Empire
.
409 The Vandals
, Alans
and Suevi break through Constantine III
's garrisons into Hispania
. They share the Iberian Peninsula
by drawing lots, with the Vandals getting Hispania Baetica (modern Andalusia
), the Suevi Gallaecia
(modern Galicia and northern Portugal
) and the Alans Lusitania
(the rest of modern Portugal and Spanish
Extremadura
).
411 The Alans
establish their rule in the Roman
province
of Lusitania
(modern Portugal
south of the Douro River and Spanish
Extremadura
).
534 Toledo
becomes the capital of the Visigoths in Spain
551 The Byzantine Empire
captures part of southern Spain from the Visigoths.
584 The Visigoth
s conquer the Suevic kingdom in Spain.
587 First use of the filioque clause
in the Nicene Creed
, used against the Arians in Spain.
718 Pelayo defeats the Arabs at Covadonga and establishes the Kingdom of Asturias
in the Iberian peninsula
(modern day Portugal
and Spain) in a victory that was later considered to be the beginning of the Reconquista
.
722 Battle of Covadonga: First victory of a Christian
army over a Muslim
army in Spain (probable date)
755 Abd-ar-rahman I lands in Spain, where the next year he will establish a new Umayyad dynasty.
778 Charlemagne
fights the Moors
in Spain.
822 Abd-ar-rahman II becomes ruler of Umayyad Spain.
1037 Ferdinand I of Castile and Leon becomes king of Spain.
1062 The Almoravids
overrun Morocco
and establish a kingdom
from Spain to Senegal
.
1085 Alfonso VI of Castile
takes Toledo
, Spain back from the Moors
.
1086 Alfonso VI of León
and Castile
is defeated by the Almoravids
on the battle of az-Zallaqah, called into Spain by Abbad III of Sevilla.
1091 The Islamic Abbadid dynasty ruling in Spain fell when the Almoravides stormed Seville
.
1094 El Cid completes his conquest of Valencia
, Spain, and begins his rule of Valencia.
1106 Balaguer, Spain, is captured from the Moors
by the count of Urgell.
1126 Alfonso VII crowned king of Castile
and León
in Spain.
1212 Crusaders push the Muslim
s out of northern Spain
1244 James I of Aragon
reconquers
Altea, Spain.
1248 Construction on the Alhambra palace, in Granada
, Spain, is begun by the Moors
.
1249 The Moors
lose possession of Alicante
in Al-Andalus
(Islam
ic Spain).
1250 University of Valladolid is founded in Spain.
1263 King James I of Aragon
conquers Crevillente, Spain from the Moors
during the Reconquista
.
1264 In Spain, King James I of Aragon
reconquers
the cities of Orihuela in Alicante and Elx in Valencia from the Moors
, ending over 500 years of Islam
ic rule.
1265 King Alfonso X of Castile
captures the city of Alicante
, Spain from the Moors
during the Reconquista
.
1267 King Afonso III of Portugal
and King Alfonso X of Castile
sign a treaty determining the southern border between Portugal
and Spain.
1267 Spain attempts an invasion of Morocco
, but the Marinids
successfully defend against the invasion and drive out Spanish forces.
1269 The Almohad
dynasty of caliph
s (not universally accepted) that once ruled most of North Africa
and Al-Andalus
(Moorish
Spain) is extinguished when Idris II is murdered in the dynasty's last remaining possession, Marrakesh.
1278 The independence, boundaries, and political structure of Andorra are agreed to by the Spanish
Bishop of Urgell and the French
Count of Foix.
1304 James II of Aragon
reconquers
Villena, Spain.
1359 Ismail II overthrows his uncle, Muhammed V, as King of Grenada
(in present-day Spain).
1360 Muhammed VI overthrows his brother-in-law, Ismail II, as King of Grenada
(in present-day Spain). Muhammed VI is in turn overthrown in the same year by former king, Muhammed V.
1366 Muhammed V builds the Granada Hospital in the Granada
(in present-day Spain).
1371 First widely accepted historical reference to playing cards (in Spain).
1469 Prince Ferdinand
of Aragon
wed princess Isabella
of Castile
. This event would lead to a unified Spain in 1516.
1480 Treaty of Toledo - Ferdinand
and Isabella
of Spain recognize Africa
n conquests of Afonso of Portugal
and he cedes the Canary Islands
to Spain
1484 Peter Arbues, is assassinated while praying in the cathedral at Saragossa, Spain and he died on September 17. He had been appointed Inquisitor of Aragon by the Inquisitor General, Tomás de Torquemada, in the campaign against heresy and crypto-Judaism.
1489 Typhus sweeps through Spain, its first appearance in Europe.
1491 The siege
of Granada
, last Moorish stronghold in Spain, begins.
1492 Sultan Bayazid II of the Ottoman Empire
, learning about the expulsion of Jews from Spain, dispatched the Ottoman Navy to bring the Jews safely to Ottoman lands, mainly to the cities of Selanik (currently in Greece
) and Izmir
(currently in Turkey
).
1492 Ferdinand
and Isabella
sign the Alhambra decree expelling all Jew
s from Spain unless they convert to Roman Catholicism.
1492 The Jew
s are expelled from Spain.
1493 Christopher Columbus
returns to Spain after his first trip to the Americas
.
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